As previsões são ruins. Segundo estudos, no ritmo de gastos atual, a escassez de água potável deverá atingir dois terços da população mundial até 2025. O desenvolvimento tecnológico pode atrasar essa previsão, pois 70% do líquido retirado de rios e aquíferos é utilizada na irrigação na agricultura. Dos outros 30%, 19 são gastos pela indústria e 11 destinados a utlização doméstica.
A tendência é que as pesquisas avancem nesse sentido para tornar a lavoura mais sustentável, ou então teremos uma crise de produção em poucos anos. As indústrias devem ir pelo mesmo caminho. Diminuir o gasto de água é necessário para manter o nível de produção daqui a alguns anos, pois sem ela será necessário um gasto maior para produzir, o que pode reduzir a produção. O gasto doméstico pode ser reduzido também, diminuindo a duração dos banhos e desligando o chuveiro ao se ensaboar e escovar os dentes.
Segundo dados da ONU, uma em cada sete pessoas no mundo já sofre com a falta d’água e 2,5 bilhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo não têm acesso a saneamento básico. A má distribuição de renda que assola o planeta fica evidente também na distribuição desse recurso. A medida que a quantidade disponível de água reduz, a tendência é que os conflitos se intensifiquem, causando problemas diplomáticos.
Os problemas de distribuição de água afetam também a saúde das pessoas. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), 80% das doenças nas grandes cidades são causadas por consumo de água sem o devido tratamento.
No Brasil, a situação não é diferente, apesar do alto volume fluvial, 13% do total do mundo, o país também irá sofrer com os problemas de abastecimento. A previsão da Atlas Brasil é de que, em 2025, um terço dos brasileiros não tenha água. Na maior cidade do país, São Paulo, o problema já é uma realidade, o nível dos reservatórios está em estado alarmante e a demanda é 4% mais alta do que o disponível. Em 2025, o déficit deve ser cinco vezes maior do que é hoje.
O especialista em recursos hídricos e coordenador do Movimento Água para São Paulo, Samuel Barreto, explicou que o problema não é exclusividade das maiores cidades do país.
“O cenário não é exclusivo a São Paulo ou ao Rio de Janeiro, ele vem acontecendo nas cidades como um todo. O crescimento desordenado, a expansão em direção às áreas que deveriam ser protegidas, a destinação inadequada de resíduos e de lixo – tudo isso compromete a disponibilidade de água”, esclareceu Barreto.
O superintendente de planejamento de recursos hídricos da ANA, Sérgio Ayrimoraes, acha que o desenvolvimento da produção tem de estar atrelado a boa gestão dos recursos hídricos, ou a tendência é que esse problema se agrave.
“No dia a dia, a água é fundamental para a sobrevivência e higiene. E, olhando na perspectiva da sociedade, a água é um vetor de desenvolvimento. Quando pensamos no aumento da atividade produtiva, no crescimento do país, na maioria das vezes isso está atrelado à boa gestão da água e na garantia de recursos hídricos para que todas atividades aconteçam”, concluiu Ayrimoraes.
Veja dicas de como economizar água.
Fontes alternativas da água que podem suprir a demanda:
- Cientistas do Instituto Fraunhofer, em Stuttgart, na Alemanha, encontraram uma maneira de converter umidade em água potável.
- Reciclagem pode ser a solução. Existem aparelhos, comumente usados em estações espaciais, que podem reciclar outros líquidos e torná-los água própria pra consumo, como por exemplo urina, hábito comum nas estações espaciais. Em maior escala é possível ser feito com esgoto.
- A captação de chuvas é outra solução alternativa. Esse recurso é utilizado no Brasil, onde a Articulação do Semiárido (ASA), construiu cerca de 500mil cisternas que abastecem quase 2 milhões de pessoas.
- O processo de dessalinização também pode ajudar a suprir a humanidade do recurso no futuro. Hoje é um processo caro, mas a necessidade pode trazer avanços tecnológicos e tornar esse meio uma maneira de atrasar o processo de seca
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Água deve ser utilizada com consumo consciente.
Muitas populações no Brasil já carecem de água potável. Agrotóxicos, mercúrio, entre outros contaminam os rios. Exploração desenfreada de minérios, acabando com o líquido mais valioso para o ciclo da vida.
A necessidade de um trabalho educativo, de conscientização entre todos, tem que ser intensificado.